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This article lists the certificate trust policies for watchOS, and is updated when changes are made to the certificate list. It lists the certificates for watchOS Trust Store version 2018040200, which is current for watchOS 4 and later.

DigiCert strongly recommends including each of these roots in all applications and hardware that support X.509 certificate functionality, including Internet browsers, email clients, VPN clients, mobile devices, operating systems, etc.

DigiCert is the sole operator of all intermediates and root certificates issued.Each publicly trusted intermediate and root certificate is operated under themost current version of the DigiCert CPS and audited under DigiCert'scurrent Webtrust audit.

DigiCert root certificates are among the most widely-trusted authority certificates in the world. As such, they are automatically recognized by all common web browsers, mobile devices, and mail clients.

DigiCert does not charge or require any special license agreement for the use and/or distribution of our root certificates. However, if your organization requires that you obtain a license agreement in order to include the DigiCert roots in your application, please email us at roots@digicert.com.

This list of trusted certificates provided and maintained by Google applies only to Gmail for S/MIME. The list of CAs are trusted solely at Google's discretion and Google retains the right to remove root CAs at will, with or without reason.

The following certificate authorities are supported by HTTPS endpoints in topic rule destinations. You can choose one of these supported certificate authorities. The signatures are for reference. Note that you can't use self-signed certificates because they won't work.

The log is trying to print 'string' form of unprintable characters. UTF-8 charset has lot of character codes (numerical representation of characters) that are beyond readable characters. Attempting to print them with %s format specifier will result in such "junk"

Unfortunately, in all the tutorials the private key is specified. This is just a server certificate, I don't have it, obviously. Does mentioning -CApath in executing the command above add all the certs inside trusted?

OpenSSL can take CA certificates from a file and or/directory. There are standard locations build into the library but an application can also specify alternative locations. With s_client this can be done using the -CApath directory and -CAfile file arguments.

A certificate file (-CAfile) contains a list of CA certificates in PEM format. A certificate directory (-CApath) contains the separate files inside a single directory and links to these files based on the subject - see openssl rehash on how to create the necessary links.

This article is part two of three covering encryption concepts and the Internet public key infrastructure (PKI). The first article in this series introduced symmetric and public key (asymmetric) encryption in cryptography. If you're not familiar with the basic concept of public-key encryption, you should read part one before you go ahead with this one.

In this part, I show you the basics of Transport Layer Security and Secure Socket Layer (TLS/SSL), how the Internet PKI works, and OpenSSL, the Swiss Army knife for TLS/SSL tasks. I cover how to use OpenSSL to create key-pairs and to generate a certificate signing request (CSR) to send to your certificate authority (CA) for signing. After that, I discuss some weaknesses of the Internet PKI you should be aware of.

Assume that you're a sysadmin like me and one of your tasks is to manage a webserver. Because your users care about authenticity, integrity, and privacy, you'd like to secure your web application with some kind of encryption.* You don't know in advance who's using your site, so symmetric encryption is off the table because of its key distribution problem. I use public-key encryption in the following sections instead.

The acronyms for Transport Layer Security and Secure Socket Layer are TLS and SSL. They are used interchangeably most of the time, and that's OK. While the old SSL protocol versions are deprecated, you'll usually find TLSv1.2 and TLSv1.3 on the web these days. TLS is used in HTTPS connections between some clients and some web servers. The following image shows a simple example of an HTTPS handshake.

First, the well-known TCP handshake happens between client and server. Then the client starts the HTTPS handshake by sending the ClientHello. In this step, the client transmits information about the server name it requests and the supported cipher suites. The server responds with the ServerHello, transmits a selected cipher suite, connection parameters, and sends information for calculating a symmetric key for the ongoing connection. Last but not least, it sends its certificate to authenticate itself to the client.

Focus on the certificate the server has transmitted to the client. It contains the server's public key, which the client uses to encrypt data before sending it to the server. A trusted Certificate Authority (CA) signed the public key in the certificate. Today, every operating system and web browser comes with a store containing the public keys of many different trusted CAs. These public keys are then used to verify the signatures in server certificates like the one discussed here. This way, the client can check the server's authenticity and that it is the correct host the client wants to connect to.

Be aware that public key encryption is used only to establish the HTTPS connections and calculate a symmetric session key used for further communication. That's because symmetric encryption is much faster than asymmetric.

So now the question is, how do you get the key-pair for the webserver? As stated earlier, OpenSSL is the Swiss Army knife for SSL and TLS tasks. Since its documentation has left some room for improvement, I suggest that you read the free book, OpenSSL Cookbook by Ivan Ristic to get all the details. My article focuses on creating a key-pair and a Certificate Signing Request (CSR) for a single domain name and a CSR that includes multiple domain names.

The CSR is needed to send the public key and other information about your domain to a CA for signing. The signed public key you'll get back is your certificate which you will install on your web server along with the corresponding private key.

You'll find both files in your current working directory. The passphrase you entered during the creation process protects your private key file. If you open them in some kind of text viewer, you'll only recognize that these are a private key and a CSR but won't find further plain text information:

Attention: Never share your private key(s) with anyone. They are yours and yours only. Keep them secret, safe, and sound. Follow your organization's policies for handling private keys, CSRs, and certificates. The security of your organization (and your job) may depend on it.

The first section [ req ] specifies that a private RSA key with 2048 bits is to be generated and stored as test_privatekey.pem. Also, the section contains information about finding the bits that you entered interactively in the earlier section of this article (in the section [ req_distinguished_name ]. In [ v3_req ], you'll find some constraints on keyUsage but more importantly, for this article, the parameter subjectAltName where the common name and all additional names are specified. Save it as openssl.cnf and run it with the following command to create a private key and CSR:

Whether you need only one domain name or more in your certificate, you now know how to generate the necessary CSR. For an in-depth understanding, I suggest that you refer to the book I recommended above.

Certification Authority (CA) - Verifies the identity of subscribers or their domains and issues certificates that could be installed on web servers. It also provides information about certificates that have been revoked.

Relying Party - This could be a web browser or some other kind of client which tries to validate the certificate sent by your web server. So-called trust anchors are used to verify the certificate. Trust anchors are certificates that are completely trusted and are kept in the browser's trusted CA store.

Remember what you already know about public-key encryption. You could use the private key to sign a message and use the corresponding public key to verify the signature. Something very similar happens when the CA signs your public key and issues your certificate.

The certificate itself is a data structure that includes some information about you or your organization. It contains the domain name, your public key, the name of the CA that issued the certificate, and the CA's signature. To give you an example, I'll show you the certificate that is currently in use on my personal blog and explain the most important sections of it (shortened for a better overview).

The part after "Certificate:" contains information like the serial number, the signature algorithm used to sign the public key, the name of the issuer, the timeframe in which this cert is valid, the domain name, and the public key. But look at the very first lines as they show the signing path:

What you see is the chain of trust. You could see that this certificate (the public key associated with the FQDN www.my-it-brain.de) was signed by Let's Encrypt R3 (R3 is the name of the certificate) which in turn was signed by Digital Signature Trust Co. DST Root CA X3 (here DST Root CA X3 is the name of the certificate). 781b155fdc